Analyze data & support decisions · Lesson 04 · Apply independently

Compare alternatives without overstating causation

Compare options using usable output and repair effort.

9 min read + 30 min practice · Estimates, not measured times

Before you start

Use lessons 01–03 or equivalent skills before this exercise. You can revisit them from the lesson list.

A spreadsheet or calculator; optional local Python. Text-only AI can explain a plan but cannot establish that calculations ran.

Start with the idea

Compare options using usable output and repair effort.

Test comparable tasks and record quality failures. Include the time needed to fix them. Unknown repair work prevents a complete savings claim.

Paired tasks: Corresponding tasks used to compare methods under comparable conditions.

See the example and check your understanding

A made-up teaching example

Method A takes thirty minutes for three passing outputs. B initially looks faster, but one output needs six more minutes of repair. Corrected B effort is twenty-four minutes, with a recorded initial failure.

Ask yourself

Can you report usable-output savings while repair time is unknown?

Show the explanation

No. Keep the failure and missing effort visible. A small fixture does not establish unattended reliability.

Start with these checks

  • Include rework.
  • Preserve initial quality failures.
  • State configuration and comparison limits.

Use the different practice case below and check every requirement in its full instructions.

Go to the practice task ↓
Full learning objectives
  • Separate quality, time and failure rates.
  • Identify sample imbalance and confounding.
  • Preserve configuration and evaluation cases.
Visual lesson1:39

Captions appear here during playback.

Compare alternatives without overstating causation

Compare options using usable output and repair effort.

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Source-based teaching example · Fictional data · Reviewed 2026-10-03. Microsoft Mark · locally synthesized. On a small screen, use fullscreen for diagram details or read the transcript.

Read the descriptive transcript

0:00 · What you will learn

Compare options using usable output and repair effort.

What appears on screen

Compare options using usable output and repair effort.

0:06 · The idea

Test comparable tasks and record quality failures. Include the time needed to fix them. Unknown repair work prevents a complete savings claim.

What appears on screen

Test comparable tasks and record quality failures. Include the time needed to fix them. Unknown repair work prevents a complete savings claim.

0:18 · One useful term

Paired tasks. Corresponding tasks used to compare methods under comparable conditions.

What appears on screen

Corresponding tasks used to compare methods under comparable conditions.

0:27 · A worked example

Method A takes thirty minutes for three passing outputs. B initially looks faster, but one output needs six more minutes of repair. Corrected B effort is twenty-four minutes, with a recorded initial failure.

What appears on screen

Method A takes thirty minutes for three passing outputs. B initially looks faster, but one output needs six more minutes of repair. Corrected B effort is twenty-four minutes, with a recorded initial failure.

0:44 · Your turn to think

Can you report usable-output savings while repair time is unknown? Pause and decide before continuing.

What appears on screen

Can you report usable-output savings while repair time is unknown? Pause the video if you need more time.

1:02 · Why this answer works

No. Keep the failure and missing effort visible. A small fixture does not establish unattended reliability.

What appears on screen

No. Keep the failure and missing effort visible. A small fixture does not establish unattended reliability.

1:12 · Check 1

Include rework.

What appears on screen

Include rework.

1:16 · Check 2

Preserve initial quality failures.

What appears on screen

Preserve initial quality failures.

1:22 · Check 3

State configuration and comparison limits.

What appears on screen

State configuration and comparison limits.

1:28 · Now try a different case

Open the lesson and try its different practice case. Use every check in the full task. Watching alone does not mark the lesson complete.

What appears on screen

Open the lesson Try the new case Check and revise The full task and its requirements are in the linked lesson.

Watching explains the example. Complete the lesson practice to check what you can do. Explore all visual lessons →

The method

Write evaluation criteria before trying the alternatives. Use the same task set, inputs and review standard; record product, model label, harness, tools and date. Compare usable outputs rather than response speed alone. Keep individual failures so an average cannot conceal a critical requirement violation.

If cases or operators differ, describe the comparison as limited observational evidence. Small trials cannot establish all-task reliability or causal benefit. Repeat representative cases and include adverse inputs when practical. More samples do not rescue an invalid measure. When results are mixed, report the tradeoff rather than forcing a single winner.

Choose your model, harness and offline route

Text-only assistant

Use supplied text. Ask for a plan or draft; do not claim browsing, code execution or file access that was unavailable.

Tool-enabled application or harness

Record which tools actually run, allowed files and actions, approval boundaries and observable results. Tools are optional unless the task needs them.

Local or cloud deployment

Inspect inference, retrieval, connectors, logs and storage separately. Use only authorized environments for real data; training fixtures are fictional.

Higher-capability or frontier model

Evaluate the exact task and configuration. Capability does not supply missing evidence or grant permission. No provider ranking or guarantee is implied.

Offline alternative

Use the supplied inputs and inspect the worked example manually. Builder exercises use local deterministic Python. No paid account or live model call is required.

Record the exact product/model label when available, tools actually used, inputs, permitted actions, observed output and checks. Live accounts or APIs may have external costs; they are optional and are not used by this page.

Read the general workflow guide →

Worked example

Supplied input

Constructed paired results: method A takes 8, 10, 12 minutes and all outputs pass. B takes 5, 6, 7; middle output misses a required condition and needs 6 more minutes.

A checked result

A total 30; corrected B total 24. B has one initial quality failure. This fixture shows an effort difference after correction, not a universal benefit or unattended reliability.

Why this works

Time and quality are separate outcomes. A usable comparison includes rework and the failure trace.

Try a different case

Independent paired cases: manual 10, 12, 14; assisted 7, 8, 9. Assisted case 3 fails the required source check and has no repair time recorded. Recommend the next evaluation step.

Download this task and checklist →

Interactive practice / Fictional fixture

Account for unusable output

Use the supplied independent case above. Check the bounded decisions, then review your written artifact against the full acceptance criteria.

Everything runs in this browser. No AI model is called and no work is uploaded. Bounded checks cover specific facts and rules. Your writing is not graded: you review it yourself. Practice never marks a lesson complete automatically.

Include the failed case, configuration and a matched quality standard.

Try the task, run the checks, then revise. Checks are teaching feedback, not an instructor grade.

Your steps

  1. Report the observed times without treating all outputs as usable.
  2. Identify the missing repair or rejection cost.
  3. Define a repeat trial including a source-check failure case.

Check your work

  • Manual total 36; initial assisted total 24.
  • Do not report a complete usable-output saving while repair cost is unknown.
  • Preserve case 3’s failure and configuration limits.
After your attempt: review notes and a common mistake

“33.3% faster” based on 24 versus 36 omits unresolved quality. Report initial effort separately and require repair or rejection evidence.

Different wording or a different justified decision can pass. Check your work against every requirement; these notes are not an automated grade.

Explain your approach

Which failed criterion would override a favorable average?

Keep your artifact, one correction or decision, its evidence and one remaining limitation. Nothing on this page sends or uploads your work.

Check your understanding

A faster method fails a required check. What is justified?

Choose an answer to see feedback. This is a knowledge check, not instructor assessment.

Review your independent practice

Complete the supplied task before recording progress. Use the acceptance criteria and reveal the review notes after your attempt. Keep your artifact yourself; nothing is uploaded.

Confirm your self-review

Not yet self-reviewed. Completion stays in this browser and does not issue a badge.

Optional deeper study

Explore the related general-course lesson → This opens the existing canonical lesson; it is optional depth, not another copy of this focused task.

Revision 2026-10-03. Fictional examples, not observed provider results. Knowledge checks and completion records are self-study aids.